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Tsar of all Russia

Tsar of all Russia
Standard of the Tsar (c. 1693)
Last to Reign
Peter I
7 May 1682 – 2 November 1721
Details
StyleHis Majesty
First monarchIvan IV
Last monarchPeter I
Formation16 January 1547
Abolition2 November 1721
AppointerHereditary

The Tsar of all Russia,[1] officially the Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia,[a][b][2][3][4] was the title of the Russian monarch from 1547 to 1721. During this period, the state was a tsardom.[5][6]

The first Russian monarch to be crowned tsar was Ivan IV, who had held the title of sovereign and grand prince.[7][8][9] In 1721, Peter I adopted the title of emperor and proclaimed the Russian Empire.[10] The old title tsar continued to be popularly used to refer to the emperor.[11][12]

  1. ^ Figes, Orlando (2022). The story of Russia. London. p. 57. ISBN 9781526631763.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ HALPERIN, CHARLES J. (2014). "Ivan Iv as Autocrat (Samoderzhets)". Cahiers du Monde russe. 55 (3/4): 197–213. doi:10.4000/monderusse.8000. ISSN 1252-6576. JSTOR 24567509.
  3. ^ "Sobornoe Ulozhenie [Law Code of the Assembly of the Land]". pages.uoregon.edu. Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2023-05-23.
  4. ^ "Ulozhenie-Preamble". individual.utoronto.ca. Archived from the original on 2023-05-23. Retrieved 2023-05-23.
  5. ^ Bushkovitch, Paul (2021). Succession to the throne in early modern Russia : the transfer of power 1450-1725. Cambridge, United Kingdom. p. 110. ISBN 9781108479349.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ Isoaho, Mari (2006). The Image of Aleksandr Nevskiy in medieval Russia: warrior and saint. Leiden: Brill. p. 25. ISBN 9789047409496.
  7. ^ Filjushkin, Alexander (2008). Ivan the Terrible : a military history. London. ISBN 9781848325043.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ Payne, Robert (2002). Ivan the Terrible (1st Cooper Square Press ed.). New York: Cooper Square Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN 9780815412298.
  9. ^ Payne, Robert (2002). Ivan the Terrible (1st Cooper Square Press ed.). New York: Cooper Square Press. p. 67. ISBN 9781461661085.
  10. ^ Perrie, Maureen; Lieven, D. C. B.; Suny, Ronald Grigor (2006). The Cambridge history of Russia. Cambridge. p. 496. ISBN 9780521815291.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^ Harcave, Sidney (2004). Count Sergei Witte and the twilight of imperial Russia : a biography. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. p. 41. ISBN 9781317473756.
  12. ^ Feldbrugge, F. J. M. (2017). A history of Russian law: from ancient times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. Leiden. p. 777. ISBN 9789004352148.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)


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